Linaha tse ngata ho pota lefatše li tobane le kapa mohlomong li tla tobana le litlamorao tse felletseng tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Amerika Boroa, e leng lehae la nōka ea bobeli e khōlō ka ho fetisisa le mokoloko oa lithaba tse telele ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng, e fana ka mohlala oa mefuta-futa ea lintho tse phelang le libaka tsa tlhaho tse tsoalisang lintho tse phelang lefatšeng, tsa leoatleng le tsa metsing ’me li etsa hore ho be le tikoloho e sa tšoaneng bakeng sa lintho tse phelang. Leha ho le joalo, mathata ao k'honthinente e tobanang le 'ona a mangata - ho tloha litabeng tsa hydrometeorological, ho ata ha mahoatata, le ho senngoa ha meru ho atileng, ho lahleheloa ke mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng, linaha tse ngata li ithuta ho ikamahanya le maemo a fetohang. Mona ke lintlha tse 5 tse holimo tsa tikoloho Amerika Boroa.
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5 Mathata a Tikoloho Amerika Boroa
1. Ho senngoa ha meru
E tsejoa e le e 'ngoe ea mathata a maholohali a tikoloho bophelong ba rona, bothata ba ho senngoa ha meru bo ntse bo otla Meru ea Amazon ea Brazil. Empa sebaka sena ha se sona feela se tobaneng le litlamorao tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo a batho. Gran Chaco, e leng moru oa bobeli o moholo ka ho fetisisa k’honthinenteng ena, e ’nile ea e-ba tlas’a khatello e matla ea ho rengoa ha meru. Seru sa matsoalloa a moo se omeletseng, se bolelele ba lik'hilomithara tse fetang milione ho pholletsa le Argentina, Paraguay le Bolivia, se lahlehetsoe. karolo e fetang nngwe ho tse hlano tsa meru ya yona (hoo e ka bang 140,000 square kilometers kapa 54,000 square miles) ho tloha ka 1985. Ntle le liphello tsa tikoloho, ho senngoa ha meru sebakeng sa Gran Chaco ho sokela mokhoa oa boipheliso oa matsoalloa a litsomi. Ho ea ka Lekhotla la Tšireletso ea Lihloliloeng tsa Tlhaho, 27 ho 43% naheng ea Peru, Bolivia, Chile le Ecuador e angoa ke tahlehelo e atileng ea meru.
Ho tsebahala hore ho rengoa ha meru ho hōlisa phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo ka ho ntša carbon dioxide e eketsehileng sepakapakeng, e leng ho eketsang khatello holim’a mefuta ea liphoofolo le ea limela. Sebakeng sa Gran Chaco ka ho khetheha, ho bile le phokotseho e kholo ea palo ea mefuta ea limela, ho kenyeletsoa Jaguar ea Amerika Boroa le Armadillo e Screaming Hairy.
Le ha ho ntse ho nkuoa mehato e mengata ea ho thibela le ho rarolla bothata bona, ho bile le lihlopha tse ngata tse batlang ho etsa 'mapa le ho utloisisa tšenyo ea sebaka e bakiloeng ke ho rengoa ha meru.
Morero oa Lanloss, e hokahanngoang ke Univesithi ea Ca' Foscari e Venice, Italy, e ikemiselitse ho etsa 'mapa oa ho rengoa ha meru ho sebelisoa litšoantšo tsa sathelaete le ho ithuta ka liphello tsa hona ho baahi ba moo. Dr. Tamar Blickstein, ea etellang pele morero ona, o ikemiselitse ho kopanya litšoantšo tsa sathelaete le maikutlo a batho ka mokhoa oa ho pheta pale, ka tšepo ea ho hlokomelisa ka ho senngoa ha meru sebakeng sa Gran Chaco le ho tsoela pele ho ruta lichaba tsa sebaka seo. KOPHA, morero o mong o ileng oa fela ka 2021, o tšehelitsoe ka lichelete ke Univesithi ea Bern e Switzerland, o ithutile litšebelisano tse matla pakeng tsa lintlha tsa theknoloji, tsa tikoloho le tsa moruo le tšusumetso ea tsona mabapi le tšebeliso ea mobu le liqeto tsa malapa profinseng ea Salta e Gran Chaco.
2. Khoholeho ea mobu
Khoholeho ea mobu, karolo e 'ngoe e bakiloeng ke ho rengoa ha meru, hajoale e ama mobu o fetang 60% oa Amerika Boroa mme e se e qalile ho sokela polokeho ea lijo kontinenteng. Lihekthere tse fetang limilione tse 100 tsa mobu li anngoe hampe mme hoo e ka bang 18% ea sebaka se ka leboea-bochabela sa Brazil se senyehile. Ka eona, lijalo tsa bohlokoa tsa lijo tse kang poone le linaoa le tsona li ile tsa senyeha.
Morero oa Adapta Sertão, ho ile ha thehoa mokhatlo o kopanetsoeng oa mekhatlo le lihoai tse nyenyane ho sebelisa maano a nchafatso ea tikoloho sebakeng sa Sertão se omeletseng, se seng sa libaka tse omeletseng ka ho fetisisa Brazil. Tse ling tsa mekhoa e sebelisoang lenaneong lena li kenyelletsa temo ea meru litsamaiso, lijalo tse khurumetsang, le mekhoa e ntlafalitsoeng ea nosetso le tlhahiso ho eketsa tlhahiso ea lijo tsa liphoofolo.
Ntle le Brazil, karolo e fetang halofo ea naha Argentina, Mexico le Paraguay li nkoa li sa tšoanelehe ho lengoa. Ho ea ka José Miguel Torrico, mohokahanyi oa UN Convention to Combat Desertness (UNCCD) bakeng sa Latin America le Caribbean, litšenyehelo tsa selemo le selemo tsa ho senyeha ha mobu Latin America le Caribbean li hakanyetsoa ho $ Limilione tse likete 60.
Khoholeho ea mobu le eona e bile tšokelo e kholo tikolohong ea Argentina le mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng. Ho senyeha ha naha ea Argentina ho bonahetse ka lebaka la temo e matla, temo ea liphoofolo tse ruuoang, le liphetoho tse matla mekhoeng ea tšebeliso ea mobu naheng eo. Ho ea ka 2020 raporoto e hatisitsoeng ke Lekala la Tikoloho, lihekthara tse limilione tse 100 ho tsoa sebakeng se kakaretso sa lihekthere tse limilione tse 270 li anngoe ke khoholeho ea mobu, 'me sekhahla sa khoholeho se eketsehile ka lihekthere tse ka bang limilione tse 2 ka selemo. Sena se bakiloe ke keketseho ea temo ea soya le phuliso e feteletseng libakeng tse ngata.
Lilemong tsa morao tjena, mekhatlo ea lehae le mekhatlo e matlafalitse boiteko ba ho tsosolosa le ho boloka libaka sebakeng seo. O mong oa mekhatlo e joalo, Network of Municipality for Agroecology (RENAMA), e ile ea kopanya libaka le bahlahisi ba bangata ba Argentina ho sebelisa mekhoa e mecha ea temo ea tikoloho mobung o fetang lihekthere tse 100,000. Ts'ebetso ena e kenyelletsa mefuta-futa ea lijalo, tšebeliso ea moruo ea bioloji ho feta lisebelisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale, le ho lema mobu ka paballo.
3. Ho qhibiliha ha Leqhoa
Linaheng tse ’maloa tsa Amerika Boroa, maqhoa a leqhoa ke mohloli oa bohlokoa oa metsi a hloekileng a sebelisetsoang metsi, mesebetsi ea temo, ho fehla motlakase le ho baballa tikoloho. Ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1980, Andes ea tropike (Andes ea Chile le ea Argentina) e ntse e khutlela morao, 'me leqhoa le leholo le ntse le theoha ka litekanyetso tse tšosang, ka mokhoa o fosahetseng oa tekanyo ea boima ba -0.97 limithara tse lekanang le selemo lilemong tse mashome a mararo tse fetileng. Ho qhibidiha hona ho tswelang pele, mmoho le dithempereichara tse ntseng di phahama, ho baka tshokelo e kgolo ho polokeho ya metsi hara baahi ba Andes le tikoloho.
Peru e boetse e lahlehetsoe ke karolo e fetang 40 lekholong ea leqhoa la eona. Letša la Palcacocha karolong e bohareng ea Andes ea Peru e holile ka makhetlo a 34 ka boholo ka lilemo tse mashome a mane feela, e feptjoa ke metsi a qhibilihang a leqhoa la Palcaraju.
Sebaka se pota-potileng Letša la Palcacocha se bone ketsahalo ea koluoa ea likhohola lilemong tsa bo-1940 tse ileng tsa bolaea batho ba 1,800 teropong ea boahelani ea Huaraz. Ho latela a thuto e entsoeng ke bo-rasaense ba tsoang Univesithing ea Oxford le Univesithi ea Washington, likotsi tsa ketsahalo e tšoanang e etsahala hape li phahame haholo, ho latela phetoho ea geometry ea leqhoa la Palcaraju le ho eketseha ha likhase tse futhumatsang mocheso nakong e fetileng.
The Glaciers and Ecosystems Research National Institute (eo hape e tsejoang e le INAIGEM) le Huaraz Emergency Operations Center (COER) naheng ea Peru li 'nile tsa beha leihlo sebaka se haufi le Palacocha khafetsa, hape li qapile lits'ebetso tsa tlhokomeliso ea esale pele ho lemosa baahi haeba ho ka ba le koluoa ea likhohola. Mekhoa ena e boetse e etselitsoe ho ruta batho ka boholo ba kotsi le ho etsa matšoao ho potoloha motse ho tataisa le ho ntša batho ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng ha ho ka ba le moroallo.
4. Tšilafalo ea Metsi le Khaello ea Metsi
Ho sa tsotellehe ho ba o mong oa mehloli e meholo ka ho fetisisa ea metsi a hloekileng lefatšeng, likarolo tse ling tsa Amerika Boroa li tobane le bothata boo ho seng bo kileng ba e-ba teng ba metsi ka lebaka la metsi a futsanehileng kapa a sa hloekisoang, tsamaiso e mpe e pharaletseng le tšebeliso e mpe e feteletseng.
Motheo oa tšilafalo ea metsi Amerika Boroa ke hore karolo e kholo ea metsi ha e sebelisoe le ho sebelisoa ke batho. Ho etsa mohlala, metsi a silafetseng a kenang matšeng le linōkeng hammoho le litšila tsa batho le liphoofolo a fetisetsoa tsamaisong ea metsi ea matlo a mangata. Ho feta moo, tse ling tsa libaka tse kholo tsa metsi kontinenteng, ho kenyeletsoa Noka ea Medellin e Colombia, Guanabara Bay naheng ea Brazil, le Noka ea Riachuelo ea Argentina, li lula li le tlas'a tšilafalo e kholo ea indasteri le anthropogenic e silafatsang mehloli ea metsi le ho etsa metsi. e sa bolokehang bakeng sa tshebediso le tshebediso.
Khohlano e 'ngoe ea hydrological e tobaneng le linaha tse ling ke khaello ea metsi. E nkoa e le tlokotsi e tsamaisanang le komello, khaello ea metsi e tšoentse likarolo tsa Brazil, Chile, Argentina le Colombia.
E matla komello e kholo Chile, e qalileng ka 2007 ’me e ntse e tsoela pele, e lebisitse tahlehelong ea mekhoa ea boipheliso le mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng ’me e tlatselitse ho hlokeheng ha metsi le lijo naheng ka bophara.
Mmuso o hlahisitse mehato e itseng ho thibela mathata. Seterekeng sa Providencia sa Chile, 'muso o entse merero ea ho fetola limela tse teng haufi le litsela ka limela tse mamellang komello. Ho fokotsa tšenyo ea metsi le ho loantša komello e aparetseng likarolo tse ngata tsa toropo, mmuso oa Chile o boetse o tsebisitse likhakanyo tsa metsi hape e tsetetse mererong ea ho nchafatsa litsamaiso tse teng tsa metsi.
Moralo oa likhakanyo o na le sistimi ea tlhokomeliso ea mekhahlelo e mene e nang le liphatlalatso tsa sechaba 'me e kenyelletsa ho khaola metsi ka ho potoloha ho ea libakeng tse fapaneng tsa toropo. Ka 2021, Emilia Undurraga, Letona la mehleng la Temo la Chile, le eena o ne a thehile merero ea ho tsosolosa mobu oa lihekthere tse limilione tse 1 ka 2030. Morero ona, o bonang esale pele litšebelisano le makala a poraefete a Chile, ho kenyeletsoa temo, merafo le matla, ha o tšehetse feela ho tsosolosoa ha meru ea tlhaho empa hape o thusa ho fetola e meng ea eona hore e be mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea tšebeliso.
5. Ho phahama ha Boemo ba Leoatle
E 'ngoe ea matšoao a bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa a Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Boemo ba Boemo ba Leholimo (WMO) a bonts'ang maemo a leholimo a feteletseng ke ho phahama ha metsi a leoatle. Lilemong tse mashome a mararo tse fetileng, maemo a leoatle a tikoloho a eketsehile ka lebelo le potlakileng ho feta maemo a lefatše, haholo-holo Leoatleng la Atlantic Boroa (3.52 ± 0.0 mm ka selemo) le libakeng tsa tropike tsa North Atlantic tsa kontinente (3.48 ± 0.1 mm. ka selemo).
Hajoale, taba ena e ntse e tsoela pele ho sokela baahi ba lebopong la leoatle ka ho silafatsoa ke metsi a metsi a hloekileng le likotsi tse ntseng li eketseha tsa maholiotsoana a sefefo. Ho latela tlaleho ea Sixth Assessment ea IPCC, metsi a leoatle a ka 'na a lula a phahama' me a tla tlatsetsa likhohola tse lebōpong la leoatle le ho khutlela lebōpong la leoatle la Atlantic la Amerika Boroa. Metse e 'maloa e nkoang e le kotsing e kholo ea litlamorao tsa likhohola (le lifefo) ke Fortaleza, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, le Porto Alegre naheng ea Brazil, Buenos Aires naheng ea Argentina, Santiago naheng ea Chile le Lima naheng ea Peru.
Mohloli: https://earth.org